The main problems of library science development in the context of modern civil and social changes are revealed: crudity of adequate methodology of scientific researches and of strategy of the activity which reflects new approaches to studying libraries and librarianship in the conditions of innovative transformations on the way to information society and knowledge economy.

The transformation core is that the library becomes the subject of social and cultural reality construction on the basis of cardinal positioning change of the subject-subject relationship between readers and society. The author proves that this model of interaction appears in the form of possibility, its realization is determined by library maturity as the collective subject, capable to provide own inherent entirety, to choose relevant development strategy and to take charge of its realization. The realization of this program is possible on the ground of active systems interdisciplinary researches which should be based on the methodology of Post-Nonclassical science.

The results of the research the interaction problems between children, teenagers and the Internet, and problems of protection and realization of their rights by librarians are considered in the article. The results of foreign researches on the given theme are also presented. A number of its legal aspects is analysed, the rights of children of direct relevance to the theme of “Children and the Information” on the basis of the UN Convention are placed in strong relief. The main features, possibilities and dangers of the Internet to development of the person are shown.

The surveys of schoolchildren, teachers and librarians, which were hold by researchers of the Russian State Children Library, have allowed the author to find out various aspects of the younger generation interaction with the Internet, to set out the actual problems facing library experts today.

The factors and features of the establishment and development of Belarus libraries during the period of the Kievan Rus’ and the ancient Belarus principalities (9th century — first half 13th century) are considered. The brief historical background on the development of Polotsk and Turov principalities, on spreading of Christianity, writing and education in their territory.

The author told about the beginning of the first libraries in the Byelorussia, including the ancient Eastern Slavic Library — the library of St. Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk.

Offers on the further organization of scientific researches on the given theme and on reconstruction of collections of the first libraries in Belarus are made.