The article is devoted to the topical subject of standardization, which is one of the development drivers. The author presents definition of the concept Standardization, reveals its value and management procedure in relation to library activity. The article describes the development of new Standard “Library and Information Services”, launched in 2017 at the Center for Study of the Development of Libraries in the Information Society of the Russian State Library. It is important to note that this type of library and information activities has never been standardized in international and national standards. The purpose of the Standard is to streamline the terminology system of library and information services, to revise and adjust term definitions and to reflect new terms related to information and communication technologies. The need to develop firstly the terminology of library and information services is associated with ambiguity of interpretation of most terms.
The author presents the structure of the standard, considers the problems and discussions arisen at its creation and connected with ambiguous understanding of the basic term, of the concepts of “type” and “form” of library and information services. The author describes the sequence of development of the standard, names the terms reflecting the use of modern information and communication technologies in library and information services, indicates the libraries and higher educational institutions of culture, which most actively participated in the discussion of Standard and offered their comments. The article considers observations and proposals contained in the reviews of Standard, presents some accepted and rejected terms, as well as provides quantitative characteristics of the accepted, partially accepted and rejected remarks.
The standard can be used for reference, as it captures modern understanding of the terms of library and information services, in planning, reporting and forecasting; it will facilitate the correct exchange of professional terminology among members of the professional community. Terms and definitions of the basic concepts of library and information services are intended for use by employees of library institutions, as well as by employees of scientific and technical information services.

The article discusses the activities of modern libraries as memory institutions aimed to support multilingualism in cyberspace. The author characterizes electronic libraries and collections in national languages created by central libraries of subjects of the Russian Federation. Over the past few years libraries have stepped up work on the development of multilingualism on the Internet, creating electronic libraries in the languages of the peoples of Russia (besides Russian) and providing free access to them on their websites. National libraries of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation play a leading role in this process, striving to create more and more electronic resources in their national languages (including Russian), with the support of state authorities at the regional and local levels, as well as international organizations. They have created such electronic libraries and collections as “Electronic library of the authors of Karelia”; “Finno-Ugric libraries of Russia”; “Bashkirika”; “National electronic libraries” of the Udmurt Republic, the Republic of Adygea and Komi Republic; “Electronic collection of books in languages of Erzya and Moksha” created by the Pushkin National Library of the Republic of Mordovia; Tatar electronic library; Electronic collection “Literary palette of the Chuvash Republic — 100 books for reading”; and Electronic library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Mainly the collections include electronic copies of publications that are not subject to copyright; however, there are works of modern authors as well. Electronic collections in national languages of regional libraries are few, among them there are such collections as “Indigenous ethnic groups of Sakhalin” of the Sakhalin regional universal scientific library and Electronic library “Kola North” of the Murmansk state regional universal scientific library. Thanks to the activities of the Central regional libraries, the presence of languages of the titular ethnic groups, as well as indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East in the Russian segment of the Internet has increased.

The article considers the bibliographic database “Librarianship and Bibliography”, developed by the specialists of the Russian State Library in the context of other libraries and institutions that distribute resources related to library science. The author reveals the specifics of structure and composition of databases with similar resources, created by some central regional libraries of Russia and federal libraries of other departments. The authar touches upon the issue of foreign companies’ information support of studies in library science. This database was created using many years, experience in formation of information resources on culture and art, which have no analogues in Russia. The article presents the search capabilities of this bibliographic online resource and the practice of user interaction with it in 2016—2017. The author notes that the main body of records includes articles from monographs, scientific collections, conference proceedings and other publications. The article outlines the features of working with the database. The resource interface and the structure of its search fields are described. There are given some examples of its search fragments and navigation capabilities. Using statistical data, the author analyses the resorce access dynamics, user requests and the geography of user access to the database. The access leaders among the eight regions of the Russian Federation are Ural, Northwestern and Siberian Federal Districts. There is a stable interest observed in Siberian, Volga and Central Districts. The rating of the most popular search terms is made. The results of the study confirm the demand for the online resource among users. This is especially important in the conditions of low circulation of Russian scientific publications that significantly decreases their accessibility and reduces the ability to disseminate scientific knowledge among specialists.

Improvement of information technologies inevitably leads to serious transformations of traditional bibliographic resources. These innovations have fully affected the organization and use of network Union catalogues (UC), the qualitative changes in which have been insufficiently studied and covered in professional publications. The article discusses the possibilities of network UC as a tool for information retrieval. The author compares printed and electronic UC, identifies the features and search potential of each of these forms; summarizes the research conducted in the Scientific Research Department of Bibliography of the Russian State Library (RSL) in the framework of RTD project “Information and bibliographic activity of the libraries in the electronic environment”. The author concludes that network UC as a tool of information retrieval have advantages over printed and local electronic catalogues, because electronic catalogues provide free access to the information placed in them from anywhere in the world. Many network catalogues provide the possibility of their independent use as a search tool, even by untrained users due to the accessible interface of the site, clear navigation and clear instructions. Basing on monitoring data of network UC, the author analyses the obstacles for wide use of network UC in information and bibliographic search, and concludes that for effective search it is required a clear and understandable navigation system on the sites with the provision of broad information on the presence of UC and the ways to search them. The article highlights the necessity to promote the capabilities of network UC and other services, including access to the sources reflected in the catalogues.

Reading the fiction, owing to its huge impact on formation of spiritual and moral world of a person, is the focus of much attention of foreign and domestic scientists. L.N. Tolstoy belongs to the authors making significant impact on an individual. All this, as well as the 190th birth anniversary of the writer, defined the direction of our research — to reveal the place of works by L.N. Tolstoy in the reading of Siberians in the pre-revolutionary period and the attitude towards the writer of inhabitants of this region in the late 20th — early 21st century.
For the main methods of studying the presence of L.N. Tolstoy’s works in the reading of Siberians in the pre-revolutionary period were used the analysis of catalogues and reports of libraries and the comparison of his popularity with other writers by arithmetic calculation of the places taken by the authors in the checkout lists of the books. To study the attitude of modern residents of the region to Leo Tolstoy’s works, the priority was given to the survey, as this method allows to reveal the extent of recognition by Siberians of the need to read the writer’s works for personal development.
Studying of catalogues and reports of several dozen Siberian libraries showed the presence of the works of the most famous Russian classical writer and their demand among the inhabitants of the region, who willingly read his works. The collections stored both: the complete works of the writer, as well as separate editions of his works. In the ratings of the authors, compiled by the number of checkouts of their works to readers of libraries of the different cities of Siberia, L.N. Tolstoy was usually in the top three, often holding the highest place.
Modern Siberians recognize L.N. Tolstoy is a great writer and consider reading his works is an important indicator of human education and a necessary requirement for personal spiritual and moral development.

Lifetime editions occupy a special place in the writer’s work; and publication of the translations of his works into other languages is a rare phenomenon, indicating the magnitude of the influence of the author's ideas on the reader. The first translations of the works of the Russian thinker into the Tatar language began to appear on the pages of the Tatar press at the end of the nineteenth century; however, some of the writer’s separate editions began to appear only just before his 80th birth anniversary. In many ways, the prohibition of state bodies was the main reason for the lack of Leo Tolstoy’s works among the publications in the Tatar language.

The article presents the review of Leo Tolstoy’s lifetime book editions in the Tatar language, preserved in the major libraries of the city of Kazan. The authors revealed that only a small part of them remained in all libraries of Kazan. In the capital of Tatarstan, the largest repository of books by the writer in the Tatar language is Nikolay Lobachevsky Scientific Library of the Kazan Federal University, fewer books by Leo Tolstoy in Tatar language stores the National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan, among them there are unique publications, preserved only in this library. A small collection of lifetime editions of the writer’s works in the Tatar language is stored in the Scientific Library of the Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It turned out that not all L.N. Tolstoy’s lifetime editions survived in the libraries of Kazan; in particular, the drama “The Living Corpse” is available only in the Russian State Library.

The authors allocated the most noteworthy books by Leo Tolstoy in the Tatar language, remarkable by features of external design and having their own history. They focus attention on special features of Leo Tolstoy’s publications in the Tatar language in the year of his 80th birth anniversary and list the main publishers involved in the preparation of the writer’s lifetime editions in the Tatar language, as well as give the brief information on the history of formation of the library collections in Kazan.

The article considers attitude of the representatives of different “waves” of Russian emigration to the personality and works of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. The author the reasons of special analysed interest of the representatives of the “second wave” to the early period of the writer’s creative works, as well as described specific features of perception of A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s works by the literary critic L.D. Rzhevsky, belonging to that wave. For the first time the works of L.D. Rzhevsky devoted to the creative works of A.I. Solzhenitsyn are introduced into scientific circulation. Philologist by education and the writer, L.D. Rzhevsky considered mainly the features of individual style and literary language of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. He paid much attention to the writer’s innovations in this field, in particular to his word creativity, and noted his commitment to the people’s language and good command of it. The critic also demonstrates the specific features of A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s narrative style, which manifested itself differently in his works. He notes that the narrator either “self-dissolves” in the character(s) or speaks on his own behalf. In the first case, polyphonic structure or monophonic sound is possible. The features of the artistic form of the creative works of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, however, interested L.D. Rzhevsky as a way of expressing the civil position of the author. The most important characteristic feature of the writer’s work, he believed the inextricable unity of aesthetic and ethical principles. Emphasizing the importance in his creative works of the categories “conscience”, “truth”, “intransigence”, L.D. Rzhevsky stated that A.I. Solzhenitsyn revived the humanistic pathos of Russian classical literature, suppressed in the USSR for ideological reasons. Based on numerous examples and quotations, the critic called the writer the heir to the traditions laid down by A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky. Highly artistic reflection of the life truth in the works of the author, who lived in the USSR, L.D. Rzhevsky considered as selfless devotion and evaluated as a feat committed by the creator. The article uses little-known and hard-to-reach sources to domestic readers: materials published abroad in the mid-twentieth century in small batches and since out of print.

The article describes the history of the State Public Scientific and Technological Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPSTL SB RAS) — firstly the State Scientific Library (SSL), established in 1918 in Moscow and transformed into SPSTL SB RAS in 1958. The authors present the stages of its development and main achievements. The library developed its collections, publishing and educational activities, created the network of its branches practically in all industrial regions of the country. During the Great Patriotic war, the Library based its work on the priority satisfaction of the defence information needs. Despite the loss of holdings on the occupied territory, it developed the network of branches, setting the task of bibliographic service for the defence industry.

In 1946, given general scientific importance of the Library, it was transferred to the USSR Ministry of Higher Education. The new status of the Library has forced to expand significantly its acquisition to technical literature, publications on natural science, social science and humanities. In 1958, the Library was transferred to Novosibirsk. Its main task became information support of scientific research; it developed its forms and methods, generated its own resources and actively engaged in the automation and informatization of library and information processes. Here the Library began to develop library science, bibliography, book science and applied informatics. In fact, the communication between the user and the library, the librarian and the information resource moves exclusively into the electronic environment. Over 60 years of activity in Siberia, the Library has become a unique scientific and cultural Siberian phenomenon, combining the features of the universal public library, the centre for scientific and technical information and the unified centre for automation of library and information processes of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The article considers the activity efforts of L.B. Khavkina aimed to organize the first library courses in Russia, operated at A.L. Shanyavsky Moscow City People’s University. L.B. Khavkina first raised the question on organization of short-term library courses at the third All-Russia Congress of Technical and Vocational Educators in 1904; however, the project had not been implemented. In 1911, the Congress on Library Science and Services adopted the resolution that emphasized the need to train students in library science. After several unsuccessful attempts to organize courses for librarians, L.B. Khavkina appealed to A.L. Shanyavsky University Council, having secured financial support from philanthropist N.A. Shakhov. As a result, the Courses started in 1913 and operated until 1920, the last year of existence of A.L. Shanyavsky University. L.B. Khavkina developed all curricula and programs of the Library Courses, basing on rich experience of Russian and international library studies. The courses maintained an extensive correspondence with foreign libraries and received their donations of books, journals and teaching aids. Under the auspices of the Courses, the teachers and students operated the library museum that presented the advanced experience and best practices, both Russian and international, in library studies and services. The article describes the features of the teaching and learning process, facilities and student composition of the first library courses in Russia. The author describes the changes in the student body, the content of programs and equipment of courses with arrival of the Soviet power.

The article is devoted to the research of provenance in Ukraine. The aim of the work is to analyse and summarize information concerning the study of provenance in book science; to determine the features of interpretation of the term “provenance” in modern bibliology and librarianship studies; to reveal the main historical factors that influenced the formation of the modern content and interpretation of the term “provenance”, as well as to clarify the place and significance of provenance study in determining the ownership of a book, in revealing the features of the functioning of books in society, in recreating the history of their existence and in the reconstruction of library collections. The author used the method of terminological analysis, as well as comparative historical method, descriptive-narrative, bibliographic and other methods of research.

The article presents the main trends in interpretation of the term “provenance” in modern Ukrainian, Russian, American and Polish historiography. The author discloses the main factors of formation of the meaning of the term “provenance” in the process of studying the ownership and existence of a book; presents the definition of the concept, including owner’s records, bookmarks, seals, stamps, inventory numbers and other book elements and signs that indicate the ownership of a book to a certain person or institution. For example, the Ukrainian bibliological studies of 1990s — 2010s describe in detail each constituent element of the provenance, as well as the peculiarities of interpretation of the meaning of the term. The paper considers the role and significance of the comprehensive study of provenance in the process of historical-bibliological analysis of manuscripts, early-printed and rare books, in revealing the features of social functioning of books in society, determining the composition of various book collections and study of readers of a certain historical period.

The practical use of the results of the research of provenance is to provide some assistance to library staff in the formation of specialized collections in libraries. Provenance in a kind of documentary form reflects the main features and characteristics of the historical, cultural and educational processes of the epoch. The study of provenance allows, in the absence of inventory records, to reconstruct the lost book collections, to explore the readership of a particular book and to trace the paths of its distribution.

The article describes the history of creation of virtual museums (VM) in global Internet space. The author considers the research areas of this resource, including the phenomena of VM development; defines the aspects of VM existence (information, social, technical) and its main types, in particular, representation of a real Museum and a virtual Museum existing only in the Web-space, and VM as an effective PR-tool. The paper presents the results of monitoring of Russian and some foreign virtual museums in libraries and describes their current state. The main specific features of the museums in the Russian libraries are the original object of exposure (book) and additional information materials (bibliography, alphabetical index, search system, etc.). Information content of the VM is mainly created basing on free programs and with minimal use of multimedia technologies; communication links to Web 2.0 services are weak. The main advantages of VM in the foreign libraries are simplicity of collections presentation and navigation through them, as well as aesthetics and dynamism, achieved by the use of original Web design (beautiful typography, sliders, tile (block) interfaces, etc.). Further development of memorial space of Russian libraries and creation of VM require theoretical study of the issue, namely the modeling of this resource. Analysis of scientific publications shows that there are different approaches to VM modeling, such as functional (educational, information, marketing models), complex (complex hardware — software system) and structural (structural model, including the following blocks: collections, library, exhibition, lecture and reference). Priority approach to the modeling of library VM at the stage of changing technological paradigm can be the technological one, which allows to reveal the set of the given resource properties, the process of the model design, consisting of the following blocks: resource, software and technology, preparation of objects for exhibiting, resource promotion, educational, cultural-educational and analytical.

The article presents changes in the structure and content of Schedules of Library Bibliographic Classification (LBC) to reflect the modern literature on Physical and Mathematical Sciences. The author describes specific features of separating the literature inside subdivision and between other divisions of the LBC Medium Schedules. The article considers the principles of separation of literature between Mathematics and Logic, representing the greatest difficulty in the systematization of literature. The range of issues belonging to the complex of computer sciences removed beyond the Division of Mathematics. Special sections on Hydro — and Aerodynamics collect literature, reflecting the applied directions in connection with a variety of technical applications, as well as separate research areas, where the studies are very intensive. The main series of subdivision on Physics is updated due to the introduction of new division, which reflects the new, rapidly developing areas of research in the Physics of soft condensed matter and Nanophysics. In this regard, there was conducted separation with the relevant subdivisions of Chemistry. Modern Radio physics turned from the applied science that supports Radio engineering in the extensive independent field of Physics. In this regard, it was decided to collect the literature on Radio physics in the Physics division, and to add the Radio band to the Schedule of special type sections on frequency ranges of electromagnetic waves. The new division of Laser Physics is introduced for the literature on physical processes related to the generation and amplification of optical radiation. The author describes the principles of separating with the subdivision on engineering technology, where lasers are considered as optical quantum generators. The Astronomy division for the first time presented the literature, reflecting studies on the detection of gravitational waves and on the origin and early evolution of the Solar system.

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